Instruction †Learning Environment Essay

The surroundings in which children learn can greatly influence their academic performance and well-being in school. The architecture, layout, dà ©cor and facilities of their school all play a vital role in shaping the learning environment, yet the importance of this particular aspect of school life can often be overlooked. Does your school have difficulty creating surroundings and facilities which complement teaching and learning in the twenty-first century? Read on to find out about some of the current initiatives helping schools raise achievement through creating an inspirational education environment. A number of schools around the country are still languishing in the Victorian era, with crumbling walls and limited resources. It seems that many schools in the twenty-first century — particularly secondary schools — have to shoehorn modern-day learning and up-to-date resources into nineteenth-century surroundings. Only a tiny proportion of today’s schools have been built since the mid 1970s, and with a few generations of children stampeding through their relatively modern facilities, many of these buildings are also edging towards the end of their natural life span. More schools could benefit from a lateral approach to environmental design with its users as the prime focus  Ã¢â‚¬â€ preferably in consultation with them.

Dairy Milk Chocolate

delightful combination of milk chocolate and white chocolate. Giving consumers anexciting reason to keep coming back into the fun filled world of Cadbury. Our Journey: Cadbury Dairy Milk has been the market leader in the chocolate category for years. Andhas participated and been a part of every Indian's moments of happiness, joy andcelebration. Today, Cadbury Dairy Milk alone holds 30% value share of the Indianchocolate market. In the early 90's, chocolates were seen as ‘meant for kids', usually a reward or a bribe for  children.In the Mid 90's the category was re-defined by the very popular `Real Taste of  Life' campaign, shifting the focus from `just for kids' to the `kid in all of us'. It appealedto the child in every adult. And Cadbury Dairy Milk became the perfect expression of  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœspontaneity' and ‘shared good feelings'. The ‘Real Taste of Life' campaign had many memorable executions, which people stillfondly remember. However, the one with the †Å"girl dancing on the cricket field† hasremained etched in everyone's memory, as the most spontaneous ; un-inhibitedexpression of happiness.This campaign went on to be awarded ‘The Campaign of the Century', in India at theAbby (Ad Club, Mumbai) awards. In the late 90's, to further expand the category, the focus shifted towards wideningchocolate consumption amongst the masses, through the ‘Khanewalon Ko Khane Ka37 Bahana Chahiye' campaign. This campaign built social acceptance for chocolateconsumption amongst adults, by showcasing collective and shared moments. More recently, the ‘Kuch Meetha Ho Jaaye' campaign associated Cadbury Dairy Milk  with celebratory occasions and the phrase â€Å"Pappu Pass Ho Gaya† became part of streetlanguage.It has been adopted by consumers and today is used extensively to express joyin a moment of achievement / success. The interactive campaign for â€Å"Pappu Pass Ho Gaya† bagged a Bronze Lion at the  prestigio us Cannes Advertising Festival 2006 for ‘Best use of internet and new media'. The idea involved a tie-up with Reliance India Mobile service and allowed students tocheck their exam results using their mobile service and encouraged those who passedtheir examinations to celebrate with Cadbury Dairy Milk.The ‘Pappu Pass Ho Gaya' campaign also went on to win Silver for The Best IntegratedMarketing Campaign and Gold in the Consumer Products category at the EFFIES 2006(global benchmark for effective advertising campaigns) awards. During the 1st World War, Cadbury Dairy Milk supported the war effort. Over 2,000male employees joined the armed forces and Cadbury sent books, warm clothes andchocolates to the front. 38 Cadbury's big Bytes Kuch meetha ho jaye uggests Cadbury India, its brand ambassador Amitabh Bachchansmiling down the hoardings lined along Mumbai's Marine Drive right down to thecompany's corporate head office at Mahalakshmi. While the chocolate major is waitingfor Di wali to see a turnaround in its business after the worm’s controversy, at the momentit's all about driving growth for the category, which has seen a decline since the firstquarter of this year. Being the market leader in chocolates with a 70 per cent share, the company hasattempted to stretch the boundaries within chocolate confectionery.It has also beenadventurous in unleashing a brand new category within chocolate early this year. Introducing the concept of sweet snacking, it launched Cadbury Bytes in the south withthe positioning `Snacking ka meetha funda. ‘ The product is a crunchy wafer pillow with achoco-cream centre and is being rolled out nationally. 39 Explaining the need to introduce this new category, Bharat Puri, Managing Director,Cadbury India, says, â€Å"While we were sure of our core competencies, there was need for  innovation to deliver double-digit growth.What we found was that we were under-represented in the area of snacking on the go and that th ere was a need for a light crunchysnack. † While entry into salted snacks was ruled out, sweet snacks were the obviouschoice, and Bytes is unique to the chocolate major's Indian portfolio. Getting the right product and packaging was a challenge for the company. It has sub-contracted the product to get the volumes and is poised for a national launch.Adds Puri,†After all this was the first category anywhere in the world that Cadbury was entering andwe did not have the expertise. So the best way was to test-market the product and todaywe find that it has already bagged five per cent of the chocolate market. â€Å"The company has no apprehensions of cannibalization of its chocolate brands. It believesthat while its chocolates are more of indulgence products, Bytes is about snacking whenone is hungry and can be treated as a snack in between meals.The aim of this project is to evaluate the marketing strategy of Cadbury's Dairy Milk. To do this, I will need to gather informati on about the product; I will ask a questionnaire which is a primary research method. Then I will also gain some secondary research, this will be achieved by searching the internet for information and from a product information letter from Cadbury. I will investigate all aspects of Dairy milk's marketing mix, these include: product, price, promotion and place.After I have investigated these aspects I will analyse and evaluate my results from the Primary research. History of Dairy Milk and Cadbury Cadbury's started as a one-man business, opened in 1824 by a Quaker, John Cadbury, in Bull Street Birmingham, was to be the foundation of Cadbury Limited, now one of the world's largest chocolate producers. By 1831 the business had changed from a grocery shop and John Cadbury had become a manufacturer of drinking chocolate and cocoa, the start of the Cadbury manufacturing business as it is known today.Dairy Milk is a brand of chocolate bar made by Cadbury's popular in the United Kingdom and around the world. It was introduced in 1905. There are a number of varieties including Fruit ; Nut and Whole Nut. And ‘Fruit' variety was available for a short time but was discontinued. In 2003 Cadbury's made Dairy Milk into superbrand, bringing a number of different products under the Dairy Milk branding. For example Wispa bars were phased out and replaced by â€Å"Dairy Milk with bubbles†. As of 2004, there are ten varieties of Dairy Milk produced in the UK

Product-Market Growth Matrix Essay

Introduction Pizza Hut is based in Wichita, Kansas USA 19581. A woman and her two sons created pizza recipes. From here, a family friend advised the sons to open their own Pizza Parlor. 2. Pizza Hut is one of the flagship brands of Yum! Brands, Inc. , which also has KFC, Taco Bell, A&W and Long John Silver’s under its umbrella. Pizza Hut is the world’s largest pizza chain with over 12,500 restaurants across 91 countries 3. In India, Pizza Hut has 133 restaurants across 34 cities, including Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Pune, and Chandigarh amongst others. Yum!is in the process of opening Pizza Hut restaurants at many more locations to service a larger customer base across the country 4. Borrowing $600 from their mother, the two brothers purchased second-hand equipment and rented a small building on a busy intersection in Wichita, Kansas. The result of their efforts was the first Pizza Hut and the foundation for what would become the largest and the most successful pizza restaurant in the world 5. Pizza Hut franchisees exemplify the entrepreneurial spirit, which launched their system back in 1958. Through interest and initiative, the Pizza Hut system was able to develop new territories in the United States and overseas. Today, franchisees and joint-venture partnerships account for more than half of the Pizza Hut system’s total units. Their development on the international front is a good indication of the growth that has characterized their system. Following the opening of the first international restaurant in Canada in 1968, the Pizza Hut restaurants quickly appeared in Mexico, South America, Australia, Europe, the Far East and Africa. Today, Pizza Hut operates in more than 100 countries and territories throughout the world 6. When Pizza Hut opened its outlet in Baroda, Gujarat they firstly thought that they should make a new pizza to the recipe of the local style in order to attract the local population. g They decided to provide the pizza according to the customer’s taste of choice7. This essay aims to answering the following question: â€Å"Should Pizza Hut open a new outlet in Baroda? † 1. http://www. pizzahut. com/OurStory. aspx 2. http://www. pizzahut. com/OurStory. aspx 3. http://220. 226. 195. 78/pizzahut. co. in/about_us. php 4. http://220. 226. 195. 78/pizzahut. co. in/about_us.php 5. http://www. pizzahut. com/OurStory. aspx 6. http://www. pizzahut. com/OurStory. aspx 7. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview RESEARCH QUESTION Pizza Hut is an established brand all over India. To increase the growth of the new outlet, Pizza Hut recently set up a new market research on the outskirts of Baroda with the investment of __ Basically, Pizza Hut firms in India send Managers to spread proper awareness about their new outlet among the customers through different types of advertising and keep the customers informed about their advancements in current outlets 10. Commercially, I expect that the opening of the new branch will lead to an increase in sales in Baroda, Gujarat, and could increase the market share of Pizza Hut. For this reason, they want to be able to successfully market their new firm when it is commercially launched. As previously mentioned, to increase its growth and successfully market their upcoming outlet, Pizza Hut has been reviewing various promotion strategies like price reduction, to increase the price in their marketing budget and increase in number of staffs 11. So increasing the production by opening the new outlet and to increase the number of staff to work in both of the outlets is a strategy that Pizza Hut is strongly considering in order to increase their growth in the domestic market 12. 8. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview 9. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview 10. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview 11. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview THEORETICAL FRAME WORK The Growth of a business can be measured in many different ways such as assets, sales revenue, operating profit, market share, value added, and number of employees 13. As information of pizzas is involved, Pizza Hut believes that what they bring new in the market is not compared with any of the products of any another firm which is selling pizza’s14. I commercially expect that the opening of the new firm will lead to increase in sales in Baroda, Gujarat, and could increase the market share of Pizza Hut. Due to this, they want to be able to successfully market their new firm when it is commercially launched. Pizza Hut aims to convince the customers to set down their new business, (target market) 15. The other promotional method used by Pizza Hut and to spread the awareness about their new outlet is to do market research. I did the market research for Pizza Hut so that they can locate their new outlet where there are more potential consumers. High income group was also asked about the opening of a new outlet, before it is brought up in the market. Pizza Hut believes that the methods used to research on opening a new outlet take hold of the attention of the customers for long time, so that they can visit the outlet frequently16. For reasons mentioned above, growth is widely regarded as the most favorable method to increase the profit level. 12. http://www. tutor2u.net/business/presentations/strategy/businessgrowth/default. html 13. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview 14. _________ 15. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview 16. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview METHODOLOGY To reach a suitable conclusion, an in-depth qualitative and quantitative analysis shall be conducted by using different business tools to the primary data as well as the secondary data collected. The primary data contains the interview of the Manager of the Pizza Hut outlet which already exists, the opinion of the customers who visit the exiting outlet and a few other people. Market research: This will contain the content of the market research and what it entails. This was conducted by me. Analysis of market research: This will contain the graph and an explanation about how many people will visit the new outlet (assumption) from the old outlets daily earning. Swot analysis: This will contain the strength, weakness, opportunity, and threats of the business for opening the new outlet. Ansoff’s matrix: A model which identifies growth strategies for a business and it is based on an analysis of their products and their market. Pest-g: This will identify the political, economical, social and technological, as well as the environmental problem of the firm. Cost analysis: Cost analysis will be conducted to find out the quantifiable and unquantifiable cost involved in increasing the personal selling. MARKET RESEARCH Market research is the collection, collation and analysis of the data relating to the marketing and consumption of the goods and the services18. Market research helps in opening the new outlet, tells us were we stand in the market and how we can improve. How many times does the customer visit Pizza Hut? |Group of people |More than once a week |Once a week |Fortnight |Monthly or less | |Family |04 |20 |45 |25 | |College students |35 |50 |36 |19 | |Above 50 |00 |05 |36 |30 | |Teenagers |40 |45 |26 |17 | (18) Here the market research data is organized according to age group. |Market research done of the location |Yes |No | | |(%) |(%) | |Sayajigunj |66 |34 | |Karelibaug |68 |32 | [pic] Here I have conducted the market research for the two different areas and I have come to a conclusion that in Karelibaug there are 90% of people saying yes to open the new outlet 20. This is due to one outlet of Pizza Hut not providing delivery services to distant areas21. So if it is in that area then many people can visit the outlet and this will give more profit to Pizza Hut. As people from Fathegunj, Sayajigunj, city area and Karelibaug can visit as it will be nearer to them 22. 17. market research done by interviewing different people 18. business studies book by Dave hall pg 147 19. interviewing different age group of people 20. People gave reason that why in these two areas. 21. Told by the people staying in that area. ANALYSIS OF THE PRIMARY DATA The finding of the market research which I have done for Pizza Hut will be analyzed to identify specific market attributes such as the manner in which the customer will respond more. In addition to this, it will identify important information such as the effectiveness of the market research results given by the customers will be discovered. From this data, it will be possible to judge the weaknesses of Pizza Hut. Recommendations will then be made by me on methods which Pizza Hut can adopt to overcome these weaknesses. Once Pizza Hut overcomes these weaknesses, it will have a better chance to successfully market their new outlet, and at the same time increase the sales from their current outlet. The graph below compares the frequency of teenagers who visit Pizza Hut as opposed to college students. [pic] 22 The ratio of college student is more than teenagers23. This means that on an average, college students visit Pizza Hut more compared to the teenagers. This graph tells us how many families and those above 50 wish to go to Pizza Hut. [pic]24 22. market research done by interviewing different people 23. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview 24. market research done by interviewing different people SWOT ANALYSIS Swot analysis: swot analysis is an analysis of the internal strength and weaknesses and the external threats and opportunities that Pizza Hut faces. The swot analyses will illustrates how the external opportunities and the threats can be matched with the Pizza Hut’s internal strength and weaknesses to result in a set of possible strategic alternative. This would identify Pizza Hut’s distinctive competencies and the opportunities that the Pizza Hut is not currently taking a due to lack of appropriate resources swot means : S-strength W-weaknesses O- Opportunities T-threats Strength(S): these are the things which I observed, Pizza Hut and their staff do and which is the strength for them: They are well known for their pizzas 26. They provide good quality, taste and quick service 27. Their good service; grooming, cleanliness, and good interaction with the customers make customers want to visit them again 28. Due to their good taste and grooming, the other domestic pizza outlets try to compete and learn from Pizza Hut 29. Reputed brand, market excepted very easily, Due to the above, Pizza Hut makes good profit30. Pizza Hut has the ability to provide it’s customers with deals, offers and specials so that they can save money and get more value. This is a strength for the organization as it makes customers purchase more while receiving more value for their money. Customers use these vouchers and specials when ordering in bulk or for everyday orders. Weaknesses (W): these are the things which I observed and Pizza Hut does poorly and in which they can be affected are: During the weekends, Pizza Hut is full of customers, during that time the service is poor 31. There is little to no place for the people to sit who are waiting to be seated32. Availability of other multinational outlets like Mac Donald and Dominos will be the competitors of Pizza Hut too. 33 Opportunities (O): the directions which the business could take in future like: By opening a new outlet there will be an opportunity for growth of the business and development for employees34. If a person was previously employed by Pizza Hut and has passed the Pizza Hut course with the appropriate certificate, then they are able to receive double their salary35. Pizza Hut is a branded and a multi-national chain, therefore it allows staff salaries to be double that which is offered to other staff in other company’s36. Threats (T): the threats to a business arise from the activity of the competitors and failing to take opportunities like: Pizza Inn is the domestic pizza outlet in Baroda; both of them are doing very good profit-wise therefore Pizza Inn is a threat for Pizza Hut37. Pizza Inn is a well-known organization to the Baroda community as it also provides good quality and taste and this is a threat to Pizza Hut as this is one of Pizza Hut’s strengths. 25. business studies book by Dave hall pg 38 26. http://www. tutor2u. net/business/strategy/SWOT_analysis. htm 27. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview 28. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview 29. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview 30. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview 31. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview 32. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview 33. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview 34. interview taken while doing market research 35. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview 36. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview 37. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview 38. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview THE ANSOFFS MATRIX The ansoff matrix: The Ansoff Growth matrix is a tool that helps businesses decide their product and market growth strategy38. Ansoff’s matrix will allow the firm to consider the alternatives open to it for entering a new market or entering new product into the market39. Product | |Existing |New | |Existing |Market penetration |Product development | |New |Market development |diversification | Market Market penetration: market penetration is used to achieve the growth in the existing market with the existing product40. Market penetration uses the marketing mix to push the product which is gaining as much as market share and as quickly as possible41. Market penetration seeks to achieve four main objectives: Increase usage by existing customers, maintain or increase the market share of current products42. Pizza Hut is the branded outlet so that people use the substitute outlet less (Pizza Inn, u s pizza, Uncle Sam’s Pizza, and Dominos). Pizza Hut encourages customers to use their outlet more regularly by providing new taste to the customers43. Product development: this is concerned with marketing new or modified products in the market for the customers 44 like: Normal pizzas intend to act as a replacement for the new product which will be introduced45. Market development: this involves the marketing of the existing product in the new market such as: As Pizza Hut has one outlet already in the market, they will open a new outlet in Baroda but in a different area. They will introduce some new products when they open their new outlet. However, they will need to continue the marketing of their old and classic products along with the new products46. Diversification: this will occur when the product is developed for the new market. Diversification allows a business to move away from the trust upon the present market and product47. 38http://www. tutor2u. net/business/strategy/ansoff_matrix.htm 39oxford study course book by jo toy pg 32 39. http://www. tutor2u. net/business/strategy/ansoff_matrix. htm 40. business studies book by Dave hall pg 239 41. oxford study course book by jo toy pg 32 42. http://www. tutor2u. net/business/strategy/ansoff_matrix. htm 43. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview 44. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview 45. Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview 46. business studies book by Dave hall pg 239 PEST –G ANALYSIS Pest g: this will look at the external environment and the global factors that may or will affect a business. It can provide a quick and visual representation. It is usually divided into five external influences on a business-political, economic, social, and technological and green46. Political: this is concerned with how political developments, regionally, nationally and internationally might affect a business’s strategy47. Political development is not so relevant in this instance as Pizza Hut has an existing established branch which is not affected by this external factor, the political issues are not so important because they do have the outlet in India and Baroda. For opening the new outlet government factors are not important as it already has opened one outlet48. Economic: this might include the analysis of a variety of economic factors and their effect on business they include: consumer activity, economic variable, government policy, the effect of change in product and labor markets49. Pizza Hut’s outlet which is Baroda, Gujarat – has competitors in Baroda, Gujarat50 however, these are not Pizza Hut branches – they are other competitors such as Dominos and Pizza Inn. These have an economic external influence as it affects the consumer activity as customers may prefer to go to Dominos if there is better service, quality and price offered. The new place suggested trough market research, there mainly the people with their families and above 30 will visit. It is not that the youth’s wont visit but there are less youth’s in that area compare to the area where the current Pizza Hut is located. Social: how is Pizza Hut affected socially? It is not likely that Pizza Hut will be affected socially as each age group visit’s Pizza Hut51. Due to the location of the old Pizza Hut site (located near commercial places) it attracts a lot variety of consumers. The new site will be located in a suburb where there are families therefore the market will be families. When a whole family eats a meal at Pizza Hut, they tend to splurge on extras such as drinks and sides. This is positive for the organization in terms of profit. However, in Karelibaug, families won’t come daily or once a week to have pizza’s so it can be affected socially. Generally in the new outlet older segment people will visite. Technological: Businesses operate in a world of rapid technological change. The organization needs to regularly review the impact of new technologies upon their activities. The product can become old-fashioned quickly. The production method can become out of date52. Pizza Hut looks that how they are different from other firms such as Pizza Inn, Domino’s pizza, us pizza and many other domestic outlets for pizza’s. Even Mac Donald’s is a competitor. One technological factor which could effect the environment is how Pizza Hut creates its products such as the production line in which a pizza is made. 47. business studies book by Dave hall pg 38 48. business studies book by Dave hall pg 38 49. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview 50. business studies book by Dave hall pg 38 51. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview 52. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview53. business studies book by Dave hall pg 38 COST ANALYSIS Cost analysis is currently a some what controversial set of methods in program of evaluation one reason for the controversy is that these terms cover a wide range of method, but are often used interchangeably. There are two types of cost associated with hiring new place. They are fixed cost and variable cost. Both these cot will be identified to check the financial growth of the undergoing new outlet. Both are classified as below: Fixed cost Hiring charges foe the new place Salary of the staff Minimum hiring charges of telephone. Variable cost Production cost Office usage Approximately amount of profit for the new outlet May by through which you will be able to fine out pbit (profit before interest and tax), pbt (profit before tax), pat (profit after tax). | | |Per month |Per annum | |Sales | |1350 |16200 | |- variable | |60 |720 | | |contribution |1290 |15480 | |- fixed cost | |45 |540 | | |PBIT |1245 |14940 | |- interest | |78 |940 | | |PBT |1167 |14000 | |- tax | |350 |4200 | | |PAT |817 |9800 | 55 From the above assumption we can conclude that profit on pbit is approximately equals to 65. 60% |1260 |720 | |100 |? | |= 57. 14 | This is the variable cost |1260 |540 | |100 |? | |= 42. 58 | And this is the fixed cost. Variable cost of new outlet is higher than its fixed cost about 14. 12. Contribution of new outlet is about 96% which can be calculated by following formula: |Sales |contribution | |16200 |15480 | |100 |? | |= 96 | 56 Variable cost depends upon number of units of new outlet but the fixed cost is fixed. Cost may also be defined in different class For example: production cost office cost selling and distribution cost We can include raw material cost for the pizza’s and service cost for the pizzas. In production cost all the administration expense and legal and professional charges in office expense. We can bifurcate the transportation of the delivery man and advertisement expenses as selling and distribution charges. Selling and distribution charges can depend on number of unit sold and cost up till cost of goods sold always depends on goods sold57. 55. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview 56. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview 57. (Manager of Pizza Hut). Personal interview INVESTMENT APPRAISAL Investment appraisal is the evaluation of an investment project to determine whether or not it is likely to be worthwhile. It is essential to appraise the investment Pizza Hut will undertake and to establish weather it is going to be beneficial. Below are the techniques, which will assist appraising the investment: †¢ Pay back period and †¢ Net present value Pay back period This technique assesses the number of years it will take foe the Pizza Hut to recover all their initial costs. This is a very simple tool as it ignores most of the costs the firm would incur due to opening a new outlet. The cash flow is also an approximate estimate when there are too many variable then Pizza Hut cannot control. They assume that they have more customers and 10% more profit throughout the year than what they had the previous year. There were a few assumptions made for the cash flow. These were that the machine they used to make pizza’s worked at 100% capacity and all products were sold. |Pay back period for the new outlet | |Year |Net cash flow | |0 |-10,00,000 | |1 |2,00,000 | |2 |6,00,000 | |3 |3,00,000 | |3,00,000 |12 months | |2,00,000 |? | |= 8 months | You can get 2,00,000 in 8 months so our net pay back period for investing RS 10,00,000 in new outlet is 2 years and 8 months. Analysis of pay back period. The pay back technique has shown us that it takes 2 years and 8 months to pay back for the new outlet. However, we learn form the market research and swot analysis that there are mainly people above 35 hence it would be smarter from them to do some thing which might attract the youth from other areas and influence them to visit that outlet too. Net present value Net present value incorporates the principle of time value of money by converting payments at different times to the equivalent values at the common reference time. The discount factor used is 4% as the interest they could have got from the bank currently is 4%. I then did NVP. |Year |Net cash flow |Discount factor 4$ |Present value | |0 |-10,00,000 |1 |10,00,000 | |1 |2,00,000 |0. 9615 |1,92,300 | |2 |6,00,000 |0. 9246 |5,54,760 | |3 |3,00,000 |0. 8890 |2,66,700 | Analysis of net present value The new outlet will generate ____ amount after 5 years. ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES To effectively deal with the increase in the growth by expansion, it is necessary for there to be some internal changes. It is very necessary that the staff’s grooming should be done properly, so that they can serve the customers in a professional manner. When they open their second outlet from a single, Pizza Hut will have to keep some one on whom they can trust and can rely on and they have to shift a few staff from the present one to the opening one. As they opening a new outlet, they are turning from one into two outlets. Due to this the position of many of the staff’s have been will be changed. This change does not affect their work, they have an effective communication channels among the employees. This could be in the form of giving the staff a proper atmosphere in which they can settle easily, the changes in the outlet and the goals that the Pizza Hut wants to attain. RECOMMENDATION Starting up the new outlet, initially it will not give them that much profit but it will definitely give some. For this: 1. Pizza Hut should shift few of their staff and of course one of the leader to supervise from the existing outlet to the one which will open in the near future. 2. They should appoint few new staff for the existing outlet and also foe the future’s outlet so that the one who are new in the new outlet can get t know more from their seniors who are shifted from the existing business. 3. For marketing about their new outlet they should restructure they method in which the do the marketing. 4. The market research was done on few people in Baroda, Gujarat, and not in the whole of Baroda. So the extensive market research needs to be conducted across the whole Baroda, Gujarat to get the proper kind of information about the location. CONCULSION The report shows that Pizza Hut should pen the new outlet in Baroda, Gujarat, India. If Pizza Hut increases their staff, then it would be in a better position to serve the customers and if they shift few of their trained staff and give training to the new staff to whom they are going to appoint then they would also be in the better position. They should also shift one of the managers to the new outlet so that in case if any problem occurs then they will be able to handle it. The financial aspects of the undertaking are not the problem for the Pizza Hut as it is in a strong financial stage. But the recruitment of the new staff cold affects the staffs. The environment and the working portfolio of the staffs will be changed as Pizza Hut will reconstruct the marketing set-up. So before employing the new staff Pizza Hut should let the old staff settle into their working environment. As previously said, the personal interview were only conducted in Gujarat, and the result of this only represented he view of customers from Gujarat. Hence, the further market research needs to be done to get a broader perspective on this study. The indirect costs associated with the undertaking the project will have to ascertain. As previously mentioned, one indirect cost is that a large recruitment could lead to a decrease in the motivation of the existing staffs. Other indirect cost could be in the form of the training program for the new recruits to a specialist company, so that it is done efficiently. If the new recruits do their job well, serve the customers in the proper way, follow the training properly, are groomed very well and give the best service then this would motivate the customers to visit them again. Graph showing the frequency of visits to Pizza Hut by college students and teenagers 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 More than once a week Once a week Fortnight Monthly or less time period College students Teenagers graph showing the frequency of visit to Pizza Hut by families and people above 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 More than once a week Once a week Fortnight Monthly or less time period Family Above 50.

The Meaning of Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Meaning of Life - Essay Example This paper will analyze the views which were articulated by Richard Taylor and Susan Wolf. To begin with, it may be particularly important to examine the ideas of each of the above mentioned scholars. Thus, the former is known for developing the concept of meaning of life that is based on the principle of fulfillment (Taylor 24). In order to illustrate it, the author used the ancient myth of Sisyphus, pointing out that while the majority thinks that life of the latter is pointless, certain alterations of the point of view might actually make it quite full of meaning. According to this kind of thinking, a person is able to live a meaningful life as long as it fulfills one’s desires, expectations as well as idea of what live should look life. Returning to the articulated example, if Sisyphus had a strong desire to roll up large stone, then his life would be rather meaningful and enjoyable. Contrary to that, Susan Wolf developed a different understanding of what people should take into account while considering the meaning of one’s life. According to her, the principle of fulfillment is an essential one; however, the objective reality should be taken into account as well which results in the fitting-fulfillment principle (Wolf 25). The author argues that life of a person can be found to be full of meaning as long as it fulfills one’s desires, expectations as well as ideas, but also fits into a general context of the social environment. For example, life of Sisyphus can hardly be called a meaningful since despite the fact that it fulfilled his possible desire to roll up stone, it did not help the society in any way. A brief examination of the above mentioned views was able to highlight one fundamental difference in the approaches that were developed by the thinkers. Thus, on the one hand, the position of Taylor is purely subjective. In other words, he argues

Ethical and social ethical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical and social ethical - Essay Example eligious understanding of social justice as a current moral issue considers issues are dealing with human life that is very vital in equality, fairness and responsibility of all human beings (Mizrahi & Larry, P 44). For instance, the Catholic Church regards social justice with respect to human life through the maintenance of dignity and respect. In contrast, Hinduism considers social justice in equality terms to all human beings. The fundament concepts or issues social justice and ethics has continuously developed as a result of the change in the human development and technology revolution affects the nature of human interaction with his environment. For instance, rapid technology advancement in genetics, communication and the nature of wars, climatic changes, and other issues has diversely changed the social role and responsibilities. The family as well as the individual in social and moral manner is expected to conduct itself in a manner that fit the ethical principles (Mizrahi & Larry, P 43). The autonomy respect would require people to live and act in their freedom that benefit others and act in a way that is just and faithful. Conversely, religious and social ethic as an emerging issue will shape the society behavior in which human issues are solved or dealt with in acceptable and ethical manner. For example, in an ethical objectivism approach, the society or individuals would be forced to believe the outside existence of social and religious ethics that requires people to practice goodness, righteousness and with justice. From a different perspective, religious and social subjectivist would expect all human beings to exercise standards within the inner reality of thoughts and mind that is distributive or correctively expresses equality, justice and in a transformed judgment (Mizrahi & Larry, P

Housing Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Housing Act - Essay Example The cost of these empty properties proves to be exorbitant for both the property owners and their neighbors in that it results in degradation of the entire neighborhood and decreased property values. 1 The scope of empty residential dwellings expands beyond the direct costs associated with vandalism and the decreased property values. It is also evident in the increased premiums incurred by homeowners within the neighborhood as well as related expenses. If one were to quantify the complete annual cost of leaving a residential property unoccupied for the period of one year, one can clearly ascertain an approximate cost of 8,000. This coupled with the fact that within England, there is has been a systematic rise in the number of homeless families has effectively prompted governmental involvement. This involvement came in the form of the Empty Dwelling Management Order (EDMO).2 Instituted on July 6, 2006 the EDMO gives the Local Housing Authority (LHA) the right to possession of property that has been unoccupied for more than six months. EDMO embodies the commitment of the English Government with regards to finding a permanent solution to a problem that is dyadic in nature and involves both the presence of empty private dwellings and the rising number of homeless families. ... These voluntary initiates have proved to be very ineffective thus necessitating compulsory action. It has been argued that these compulsory initiatives often favored the LHAs as the owners are view to be negligent in their responsibilities in maintaining their properties. In fact, many LHAs have been endowed with the right to purchase these properties at ridiculously low rates. Despite this, many LHAs view the procedure of acquiring empty dwellings as one that is cumbersome, time consuming, extremely bureaucratic in nature and complicated especially if their attempts to take over the properties are greeted with hostility.3 EDMOs operate with the intention of establishing a common ground between voluntary and compulsory purchasing ability. Essentially the LHA has the power to decide whether to actively pursue the purchase of an empty dwelling. Endowed with this power, it is the goal of EMDOs to compel the property owner to communicate with the LHA wherein an agreement may be reached with regards to returning the property to a condition whereby it is fit for human habitation. This agreement may entail active compromise between the LHA and the property owner. In principal and fact, it would be mutually beneficial for the LHA and the property owner to reach an agreement as it circumvents a great deal of bureaucratic red tape. This is especially important when one takes into consideration the fact that EMDOs are not intended to be utilized as an enforcement alternative but one that is necessary when the LHA has determined that its ownership of the property proves to be contraindicated. Additionally, EMDOs a re not meant to be stand-alone measures. They are intended to work in concert with the existing remedies such as

Argumentative paper on why Gun Control law should stay the way it is Essay

Argumentative paper on why Gun Control law should stay the way it is - Essay Example Many may argue that this will lead to an increase in the occurrence of such cases but on the contrary, if the students are taught how to handle the arms such as guns responsibly, they ought to access and carry them for their safety (Valdez, Angela & Ferguson 2012). This means that if students are allowed to own and carry their guns to their respective campuses, they will feel secure and comfortably learn. Another rampant case is that of sexual harassment (Bjorklund & Ruth 2013). This does not happen to the female gender only but also the male gender. When an individual fall a victim to such a case, it becomes easier to defend one-self when having a gun and also the know-how to handle it without basically killing the attacker. A student who has a gun, when he or she is attacked can put minor injuries on the attacker so as to scare him or her away. By doing this, students will be able to protect themselves against murder and any other illicit

Synothic Problem Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Synothic Problem - Research Paper Example In the New Testament, one can find 4 Gospels, Acts, 21 Epistles, and the book of Revelation.2 This paper will focus on the four gospels. These gospels are the written by Jesus’ apostles: Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. However, among the four, the gospel according to John has a different chronology, pattern and wording. This is unlike the other 3 remaining gospels. The gospels according to Matthew, Mark and Luke are also known as the Synoptic Gospels. What is the meaning of the Synoptic? The dictionary meaning of the word is â€Å"presenting or taking the same or common view, specifically often relating to the first three Gospels of the New Testament.†3 It is quite redundant that the term synoptic gospels are being used with reference to the gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke when just by the term synoptic one can already refer to the gospels. The 3 gospels have a sense of parallelism with regard to structure, language, chronology, and even some points of arguments.4 â€Å"The problem of the relationship between the three ‘Synoptic Gospels’ (Mt., Mk., Lk.) posed by the amount of subject matter which they share and the many similarities in wording and order. In modern times most scholars have held (1). that Mk. was the earliest of the Synoptic Gospels and that it was used as a source by Mt. and Lk., and (2). that for the non-Marcan material common to Mt. and Lk., their authors drew independently on a lost common source (or sources) known as ‘Q’ (q.v.). This ‘two-document hypothesis’ (that Mt. and Lk. are based on Mk. and ‘Q’) was developed mainly in Germany in the 19th cent., was given classic expression by B. H. Streeter, and came to be almost universally accepted. In the second half of the 20th century, a few scholars challenged the priority of Mk. and several denied the existence of ‘Q’.†5 When analyzing this statement by Livingstone, the term â€Å"problem† being used is actually not much of a problem. It is more of a clarification of the

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration - Essay Example Phylogenetic analysis of Mg-tetrapyrrole biosynthesis genes reveals that anoxygenic photosynthetic processes became evident in primitive organisms like certain bacteria before the oxygenic variety in other organisms like cyanobacteria (Xiong and Bauer, 2002). Joint analyses of the pigment genes and reaction centers have yielded stronger evidence to this effect (Xiong and Bauer, 2002). At the time when photosynthesis became a rudimentary process for energy storage in arcane organisms cellular respiration was still to evolve and the energy release mechanism for utilizing the photosynthetic stored energy used processes that sourced their electrons from suppliers other water (Todar, Undated). Later, genetic transfer mechanisms between endosymbiotic bacteria, their closest living relatives being the proteobacteria, and their pre-eukaryotic cellular hosts inducted cell organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (Simpson et al, 2002) into the pre-eukaryotic system and cellular respiratio n became possible. Some time during the endosymbiotic processes there was gene transfer from the bacteria to the pre-eukarytic cells whereby the bacterial genome was reduced and much of the remaining genetic materials got encoded in the cellular nucleus while, locally, some of the bacterial genetic materials were encoded within the organelle, mitochondrion or otherwise, to form localized DNA entirely associated with organelle function (Chihade et al, 2000). While the induction of the mitochondria into the pre-eukaryotic cells to produce the eukaryotic system shall be dealt with later in the paper a short comparison by organisms will now be made of photosynthesis and cellular respiration processes. Comparison: The following table will be used to compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the species of euglenoids that have primitive plastids (Borza et al, 2005). Euglenoids are either autotrophs, photosynthetic with chlorophyll a and b chloroplasts, or heterotrophs with parasitic or absorptive nutrition. Some of them also have motile mechanisms like flagella or cilia. It is notable that euglenoids with plastids acquired them through secondary endosymbiosis and, thus, the plastids are not as developed as those of more evolutionary advanced species (Borza et al, 2005). It is also notable that euglenoids with plastids also use absorptive nutrition, absorbing organic matter from their environs, as supplementary dietary processes. Though they may be photosynthetic they can respire both aerobically and anaerobically (Hoffmeister et al, 2004). Anaerobically, these organisms store energy in the form of fatty acids (waxes) that are broken down when oxygen becomes available more plentifully (Hoffmeister et al, 2004). This makes these organisms so interesting. It is notable that both photosynthesis and cellular respiration in euglenoids with chloroplasts are still not fully understood (Hoffmeister et al, 2004; Lonergan and Sargent, 1979). Nevertheless, these processes have been simplistically compared and contrasted in the following table. Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Organism Euglena gracilis Euglena gracilis Energy Source Sunlight Chemical energy in sugars (anaerobic) and sugars/fatty acids

A Statistical Analysis of AIDS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A Statistical Analysis of AIDS - Research Paper Example The number of individuals acquiring the disease is also increasing. The growing concern today however, lies on the mounting difference in the number of African Americans and their White counterparts being infected or even dying from the disease. Women in particular, have constantly become the subject of people’s concerns regarding the matter of AIDS. This paper aims to present and discuss the statistics regarding the disparity between Blacks and Whites being diagnosed with AIDS. Moreover, the factors affecting this disparity will be presented. The importance of the role of the government in addressing this issue will be discussed and finally, a conclusion will be provided. The Statistics of AIDS in the United States In past statistics, African Americans were found to constitute the majority of individuals infected with AIDS1, 2. In the Black population, males comprised two-thirds or about 65% of new infections3. Furthermore, the rate at which Black men acquire new HIV infectio n is 6 times higher than White men and 2 times higher than black women4. On the other hand, the rate at which Black women acquire new HIV infection is 15 times higher than White women.5As such, the rate of death is also expected to be higher among Black women. Black females have a lower rate of infection in comparison to Black males. However, Black females are more affected by the disease in comparison to women from other races.6The large scale of Black womenbeing infected with, as well as dyingfrom AIDS has attracted attention from different areas and departments of the society. More so since there is yet to be a clear decline in the mortality rates of AIDS-infected African-American womenwhereas mortality rates of AIDS-infected White women have continually decreased. Ethnic disparities concerning HIV/AIDS infection and mortality are consistent in all states.7Figure 1 below presents a comparison of HIV/AIDS mortalities between Black and White populations in the United States. The hu ge difference between the races is evident except perhaps among the 15- to 24-year-old age group where the statistics were almost the same if not, slightly different. Figure 2 below presents the gender and racial comparisons with regards to new cases of HIV infectionin Massachusetts. The large disparity between Black females and White females as well as the large difference between the number of White males and Black males getting infected with AIDS are evident. According to Cole, Church, Fukuda et al.,8the percentage of Black women who have acquired HIV in the year 2006 – 2008 is 51% as compared to 20% of White women. This shows that Black women have almost twice the risk of acquiring the disease as compared to White women. However, it is also shown that from 2006 – 2008, White men have a higher percentage of new infections compared to Black malesin Massachusetts.This could be attributed to gay activities; however, not well-defined. In 2007, it has been reported that HIV was the third leading cause of mortality for black men and women aged 35-44.9 HIV also became the ninth leading cause of mortality for all blacks.10 In fact, about 233,624 Blacks who were diagnosed with AIDS had died in the United States.11 Moreover, African American women were known to be 22 times more likely to die

International Business Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Business Management - Assignment Example The third measure used in managing foreign exchange risks is by use of foreign bank accounts and loan. Under this method, surplus currency is deposited in a foreign currency account (Mazin, 2007). Moreover, businesses may borrow foreign currency to make purchases. b) In a company that is trading in a country where the currency is weakening compared to its strengthening currency, the ultimate solution is to use the foreign currency option (Mazin, 2007). The foreign currency option ensures that the price of the goods is set at a premium and this helps to protect importer from fluctuations in price and allows the importer to take advantage of strengthening in local currency (Mazin, 2007). Q2. a) When an enterprise intends to achieve foreign expansion, it is critical for it to make three critical decisions. One of the major decisions that the business should make is of which markets it will enter and when to make the entry (Godfrey, Jack and Verzi, 2007). A company should first identify the industry in which it will operate and the products or services it will be offering. The second decision that organization make when looking to achieve international expansion is on the scale of their entry (Godfrey, Jack and Verzi, 2007). ... b) Decision on the mode of entry into a foreign market has great impact on the success of international entry and the amount of resources required in achieving foreign expansion. There are four mechanisms that are used as modes of entry to a foreign market (Godfrey, Jack and Verzi, 2007). Exporting is the first mode of entry where products manufactured in one country are marketed and sold in another country. Exporting eliminates the need to set up facilities in the foreign country and therefore the costs associated with exporting are those on marketing (Godfrey, Jack and Verzi, 2007). To effectively the export business, a firm must coordinate with importer, government and the transporter. The second mode of entry is licensing where a firm in the foreign country gains rights to use properties of the licensor (Godfrey, Jack and Verzi, 2007). Property takes the form of patents, trademarks and production methods. The firm that gains these rights pays a fee to the licensor for the technic al assistance and other property rights given. The licensor firm makes little investment and this ensures that is high return on investment. Firms seeking foreign expansion may also rely on joint ventures. The objective of pursuing a joint venture include enhancing market entry, sharing of profit and losses, sharing of technology, allowing businesses a chance to conform to government requirements and to benefit from shared product development (Godfrey, Jack and Verzi, 2007). The fourth mode of entry in foreign expansion is foreign direct investment (FDI). FDI refers to ownership of resources in the foreign country. Resources transferred to a foreign country include technology, personnel and capital. FDI may be achieved via establishing new firm in a

Great Critical Thinkers Essay Example for Free

Great Critical Thinkers Essay Immanuel Kant 1724 – 1804 Kant was the last influential philosopher of the modern Europe. He became famous for his theory of knowledge during the Enlightenment. Kan’ts thought was very influential in Germany during his life, moving philosophy beyond debate between nationalists and empiricists. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 1869 1948 Ghandi was the pre-eminent political and spiritual leader of india during the the Indian independence battle with Britain. He pioneered Satyagraha , resistance to tyranny through mass civil disobedience, a philosophy firmly founded upon ahimsa, or total nonviolence! This concept helped India to gain independence, and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. He is officially honoured in India as the Father of the Nation!. Was cruelly assassinated during his daily meditation. Sigmund Freud 1856 1939 Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression,and for creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis for treating psychopotology.He was early neurological researcher into cerebral function. Freud’s work remains influential in clinical approaches, and in the humanities and social sciences. He is considered one of the most outstanding thinkers of the first half of 20th century, in terms of originality and intellectual influence.Steve wozniak with Steve jobs and Ronald Wayne.Their inventions and machines are credited with contributing significantly to the personal computer revolution of the 1970’s. Edwin Hubble changed the way we see our universe! By demonstrating the existence of galaxies other than our own, the milky way. He is also famous for his Hubble LAW, and helped establish that the universe is expanding.

The Kings Contributions To Development Of Thailand History Essay

The Kings Contributions To Development Of Thailand History Essay With the constitutional monarchy belonging to the country, on 9 June, 1946 at the tender age of 18, King Bhumibol Adulyadej ascended the throne in the name head of state by not involving to political activities for leading country after the death of his brother, King Ananda. Due to the law of constitution, the king was restricted into a narrow role and segregated from the reign of power; however, with the purpose of developing nation and being capable, the king establish his base of support among Thai people which was the step of his mission. The absence of government support had made the king face to harsh reality in his initial phase of his development effort, but the king still was able to continue his efforts. For over 6 decades of reign, King Bumibol Adulyadej has contributed a number of developments in social, economic and political field to his nation and got more respects from his people constantly. His Majestys contributions to social and economic development The first decade of kings contributions (1946-1955): Mainly focusing on rural development, the king had set up thousands of development projects aiming to promote potential consumption among the Thai rural poor. For instance, in early 1950s, the severe epidemics ravaged the Thai population and caused people loss of life, physical impairment and chronic suffering, as the consequence, the king personally set up the project of promotion of large scale disease control by contributing over 2,000,000 baths, and more importantly, from this project, many constructions of rural hospitals were established to serve public. Besides this project, many agricultural projects were established at the same time in order to accelerate the rural poors living standard. From this flying in northeastern Thailand over Phuphan Mountain in 1955, the king notice the inadequate rainfall to the arable land belonging to farmers; as the result, from this understanding over the facts farmer faced, the king started to set up project of water irrigation to help poor farmer for their cultivation. From this project, the idea of artificial rain introduced by His Majesty was facilitated by technological advances; moreover, fresh water for public consumption was also introduced under this water management project. In the educational sector, His Majesty set up the scholarship fund in 1955under the name of Ananda Mahidol to enable outstanding students to gain more academic knowledge abroad to serve the nation. The second decade of kings contributions (1956-1965): In this second decade of reign, His Majesty still continued to take many actions to broaden his rural development mission. At this time, His Majesty, moreover, started to strengthen the diplomatic tie with other nations with the belief that it is a key to stabilize Thailands security and continue Thailands prosperity. For second decade of his reign, His Majesty had spent most of his time abroad with long-version mission for his country. By mid-1960, His Majesty had embarked on a whirlwind tour of 15 nations in North America and Europe. Between 1961 and 1967, His Majesty visited 13 other countries in Asia, Australia, and made similar visits to Germany, Austria and the US (Bangkok Post, 2006). The visits of His Majesty aimed to establish international diplomatic relationships between Thailand and the globe, and more importantly to express Thailands image on the international stage in order to gain countrys international credibility. Furthermore, seeking Western support in countering the spread of communism which was a threat to Thai national security was considered as the underlining objective of the visit of His Majesty who wanted to strengthen the democratic system in his country for making prosperous living for his Thai people. From this state visiting of His Majesty, Thailand did get huge recognition and acknowledgement from international community; as the result of His Majestys diplomatic efforts, Thailand was considered as the significant actor in the arena of foreign affairs which contributed a significant role in helping to creating ASEAN. In the internal affair of Thailand in 1960, Thailand faced the worst national disaster which a severe typhoon devastated the thirteen provinces in southern of country, and at the same through his Au Sau Radio program, His Majesty raised 11 million baht from the donations of public to emergency help victims affected by natural disasters. Later on, in 1963 many foundat ions were established under the effort of His Majesty with purpose of emergency help and rebuild some infrastructure after getting natural disaster. Besides, His Majesty continued his effort on the agricultural section by conducting many research and experimentation to explore new methods of rice cultivation and dairy farming for his poor farmers and to see his Thai people with fuller stomach. From his hard-working on social development, His Majesty earned and organized his broad-base public support. The third decade of kings contributions (1966-1975): In 1971, artificial rain services were officially offered to the farmer by The Royal Rain-Making Research and Development Project. From this artificial rain services, the serious effects of the dry season to the farmers were reduced and people were able do their cultivation with other water management project efficiently; moreover, His Majesty still contribute his active involvement in this operation of the project till the present day. With the free charge of the Royal Rain provided by His Majesty, Thai farming enjoyed the significant benefit in cultivation even though the highly developed technological base was introduced in country by government. Moreover, from this royal rain services, His Majesty is remained in the heart of Thai people mostly Thai farmers up to nowadays. During the second decade of his reign, many complex problems were faced by Thai society; for this reason, His Majesty set up the approach to every issue with way of wisdom and sensitivity. His Majesty Bhumibol Adulyadej (December 15, 1970) delivered the speech to public that I dont wish to see anybody succumb to anybody else. I am for democracy. But we must create genuine and appropriate democracy. Democracy without wisdom will turn in chaos. And that Chaos will develop into anarchyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ we must respect the dignity of humans, the dignity of individuals. We should think of how to promote peoples dignity. From this valued approach, His Majesty won the hearts of minority group in the Northern Thailand, and His Majesty could hold the hands of both side -the minority group and the government- to a solution over the problem of opium production done by minority group. Later on, His Majesty could convince the minority group to give up their traditional cultivation by planting opium, and to adopt the cash crops cultivation introduced under the royal project set up by His Majesty. Following this new cultivation, the minority group was ab le to enhance their standard of living with the higher income contributed to their budget. As a consequence, the illegal supply of opium from the northern part of country was extremely reduced, and that was considered as a great sign for Thailand to adopt legal market in the country with best obvious approaches to solution contributed by His Majesty. The fourth decade of kings contributions (1976-1985): For this decade of his reign, His Majesty still set up his commitment to rural development. The royal co-operative project was established for the purpose to teach farmer to rely on themselves by cooperating with each other and to help them from the exploitation of middleman merchants, capitalists, and the capital investment; moreover, from this project, His Majesty initiated the first Rice Bank in 1975 and the Cow and Buffalo Bank in 1979. At Thammasat University when visiting for musical performance, His Majesty (March 6, 1971) delivered a speech to farmers over the problem of exploitation from the middleman that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦if one wants to solve this problem, the starting point is to coalesce in groups, as a group of consumers have contact with the group of producers. Agreements should be made and there should probably be an establishment of a mill house or negotiations with the mill owner in order to prevent the middleman p rocess. If all rice consumers set up groups, buying paddies and milling paddies themselves or having them milled by an agreed operator, passing through one channel, the producers, the millers and the consumers could solve the question of the middleman. As the result, The Rice Bank was the part of the royal co-operative project and guideline to ensure that the project would get success. From the Rice Bank, farmers have to join together and keep their rice into the bank barn which means that it is the source of reserved food; moreover, the Rice Bank had its committee which practiced as the keeper and decided to give loan with minimum interest rate to farmers for consumption or to be used in their cultivation. From this policy, it helped the poor farmers from exploitation of outsiders. Cows and buffalos were the essential element for farmers to do their cultivation; however, some poor farmers were not able to own cow or buffalo for their cultivation. By understanding this issue, His Ma jesty initiated the Cow and Buffalo Bank to his poor farmer. From the Cow and Buffalo Bank, poor farmers were able to borrow cow or buffalo from the bank to use in any beneficial ways according to the agreement of the bank; moreover, poor farmers could also do long-term purchase installment for cow or buffalo with agricultural purposes. More importantly, the research and development centre was established in 1979 to guarantee that many new development methods and projects would provide to rural development. His Majestys actions were more recognized by public and the government. Shortly after this establishment of centre, in 1981, understanding the sustainable actions of His Majesty to rural development, the government discovered the office of the Royal Development Projects Board (RDPB) matched to His Majestys Royal projects by contributing professional and financial assistance from the appropriate agencies within the government; therefore, from this discovery, it led to have the inc rease of floating fund to the budget, so many other His Majestys initiated projects have increased in number as well. The fifth decade of kings contributions (1986-1995): Again and again, His Majesty showed his commitment in social development which started in the first decade of his reign without support from the government till the fifth decade of his reign with a number of supports from public and the government. Many projects related to water irrigation, preventing soil erosion, building canal, etc were continued with contributions of His Majesty. From 50-year experience engaging in the development practice, His Majesty had revolutionized a new approach called The New Theory which was outlined into three parts to serve as guideline for farmer to get self-sufficient in their life. From this new approach, the farmers have firstly to empower themselves by starting with their individual level, and then they have to strengthen the entire community in order to effectively collaborate with the outside, and the last point is to envision fair and equal partnership between their community and the private sectors. His Majesty strongly believed that if the farmers can adopt this approach, it is clearly sure that they will improve their living standard. The six decade of kings contributions (1996-2006): In the six decade of His Majestys reign, Thailand faced the unexpected and dramatic collapse of its economy caused by financial crisis in 1997. This crisis caused millions of Thai people jobless and seriously affected to the whole country and region. Soon, His Majesty introduced the new approach or theory called Self-Sufficiency Economy to his country. (This point is going to be discussed in economic His Majestys contributions part.) His Majestys contributions to economic crisis There are many causes of the economic crisis in Thailand in 1997; however, one of those causes was the too much expansion of production with no buyer. For Thailand, from this crisis, it is the costly lesson of unbalance and unstable growth which partly due to the situation of economic and social process depending heavily on foreign capital flow and external market. With the understanding of the source of causes of crisis, His Majesty introduced the Self-Sufficiency Economy philosophy to his nation by giving an interesting speech to his people that In fact, I have often saidà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to be a tiger is not important. The important thing is for us to have a self-supporting economy. A self-supporting economy means to have enough to survive. From this speech, His Majesty convinced that it was not too much important for Thailand to hold the position as an economic tiger, or be recognized as a newly industrialized country, but what much important is the living in moderation and being s elf-reliant in order to prevent ourselves from the destabilization caused by the external actors in the globe. The main concept of the Sufficiency Economy is to enable Thailand to remain self-reliant, staying in middle path between society at the local level and the market in the global context, reserve of richness of the ecosystems and survival without the necessity of intervention from external factors. From this concept, the government now commonly include in many development project for the country.

The Formative And Summative Assessment English Language Essay

The Formative And Summative Assessment English Language Essay Why is assessment necessary? Schwartz and Webb (2002) state that from the past 30 years and the great number of language teaching research, assessment is not only the central part of work for teachers, but also the main driver of learning. That is to say, assessment is for teachers and students, to know not only how well they have done but also where they have done well and where they need to make great efforts. Assessment is frequently divided into summative assessment and formative assessment. Testing is the basic way of summative assessment. We often set a test at the end of the learning period. Formative assessment involves the collecting of information or evidence of a learners learning progress in the classroom. (Wang, 2006) Testing is the method most often used in China. For example, in 2011, 9,330,000 high school students took part in the University and College Entrance Examination in China. The enrollment rate of the exam is 72.3%, and only approximately 40% students would be enrolled by universities. Actually, 2011 was not the peak time, the real peak time was at 2008, at that time, the number of Chinese students attending the University and College Entrance Examination is 10,500,000. In 2009, there were 740 universities and 1168colleges in China. Therefore, it is hard to imagine how difficult if the university and colleges selected students without testing. That also led to tests becoming the most important way for evaluating students no matter when they entrance the high education before or after. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Formative and Summative assessment Why assess?, in answering this question, it deals not only with the purposes of assessment, but also the issue of who needs or uses the results. Biggs (1999) pointed out the important distinction between formative and summative functions. The main purpose of summative assessment is to make a judgement regarding each students performance. Students are marked at the end of a module, course or unit, so the results of such assessments are often presented in marks or grades. Summative judgements are also used to accredit learners as the end of the programme. (Falchikov, 2005) Nevo (1995) described these judgements as being for certification and diagnostic purposes. There is a critical thinking about summative assessment: Can test scores be used to inform us about our teaching and learning? Nevo (1995) considered that the answer is: not very much. Because of the students ability and achievement in learning are not measurable in terms of one single test. Even if they can reveal some problems about our teaching or learning, it is often too late to do anything about them, as it is already the end of a learning period. Different from summative assessment, formative assessment is based on information collected in the classroom work and that attention to improving its practice can enhance the learners achievements. For example, English teachers ask students to write an essay, complete a research project, or give a speech in front of whole class. This kind of assessment will provide more information on students learning during the learning process and will be useful for teachers to adjust their teaching according to students needs and base teaching on the success or difficulties of students learning. Formative assessment will be similar to activities that are often carried out in classroom. Students may develop their assessment tasks based on certain classroom activities, work out criteria to be followed when assessing students performance, and do record keeping. The issues involved here are summarized very briefly by Miller, Imrie, and Cox (1998). Formative assessment focuses on the process of learning, and gives students practice in essential skill such as essay writing, problem solving. This type of assessment should be to provide regular feedback to students in order to stimulate learning. (Miller, Imrie and Cox, 1998) Harlen (2004) states the relationship between assessment for formative and summative purpose. Teachers can use summative assessment evidence to help learning, and at the same time, using formative assessment information for summative assessment. It is both a weakness and a strength that summative assessment derived by interpreting formative evidence in a different way that both are in the hand of the teacher. 2.2 What to assess? Journals/ reflective logs/ diaries Brown (1997) argued that learning diaries, logs and journals are essentially the same, in that all are regarded as to promote feedback and all are based on the concept that the feedback is beneficial language learning. Nevertheless, someone always keep it in her/his mind that there are differences between these three activities. Take one example, Freeman and Lewis (1998) find that logs has less personal than diaries. Logs record a learners activities truthfully, while diaries are a personal selection of events that can add some reflection and understanding of their learning. Furthermore, Gibbs (1995) puts journals between diaries and logs, because journals include some reflection but not as personal as a diary. Journals Journal writing is a powerful way for individuals to give accounts of their experience (Clandinin and Connelly, 1994: 421), while writing journal is not only for this purpose, Brown (1997) points out four purposes of leaning journals. He discusses that journal writing as a type of assessment tool creates students opportunities to reflect their learning progress and problems; record students learning experiences. It is also a chance for expressing feeling and emotion of their leaning. Logs Brown (1997) states that student can use learning logs to provide a self-report of their learning experience. In order to solve the problem of this kind of assessment, Brown (1997) proposes that logs may include information concerning what language error or mistakes starts have been made, the reason why occurred this kind of error, how to solve this problems and which kind of approaches will be helpful. Freeman and Lewis (1998:254) emphasize that making an explicit and clear criteria is very important. They advise teacher to tell their student: what to record; how much detail to record; the number and range of items to include; the time period over which to record; the desired format; the type of analysis to be carried out prior to submission. Diaries A diary is a book, which has a separate space, or page for each day, students can write down their learning experiences they have and their private thoughts. A diary with real-time features includes written records, but also involves pictures and other multimedia. Therefore, diaries are described as an appropriate form of assessment where the learning is focusing on the processes of doing something rather than on the result. Diary writing could be a way of building up students confidence in their own thoughts and feelings, rather than taking on other peoples in an uncritical fashion. It could be said therefore to encourage independent thinking (Ashcroft and Foreman-Peck, 1994:59). Falchikov (2005) critically evaluate the advantage and disadvantage of diary writing. These techniques are easy to use and cost effective. What is more? Self-reporting is believed to engender self-revelation, therefore, useful for collecting intimate information. However, a number of disadvantages have also been identified. Assessing logs, journals and diaries As with many of the newer assessment methods, little is recorded in the literature about how logs, journals or diaries may be assessed. Bound and Knights (1994) asserted that setting an assignment which teacher believe will encourage reflection is not sufficient, as the intent of the student is a important determinant of what actually happens. Additionally, Brown (1997) indicated that no study had been done to certain whether the use of learning journals changes the style of learning. Based on his own experience of using the learning log method, assessment may be carried out in a number of ways. Teacher may mark the written record, or using the guidelines supplied as criteria against which to judge the work. Students may submit a self-assessment of all or part of the record. McNamara and Deane (1995) refer to that peer assessment is not suitable method for assessing logs, journals and diaries. Because these diaries were, meant to be private and read only by the writers themselves Oral presentation Falchikov (2005) states that in oral presentations, students research a topic and present their achievement in front of their teacher and other classmates. Oral presentation are often linked with self or peer assessment. Falchikov (2005a) find that involving students in the assessment of oral presentation is very beneficial. At the same time, ask the other peer have to provide feedback, which can get the other students concentration. This way will be more active engagement than simply listening. This kind of assessment will not only improve the oral skill of the students, but also may be developing the other skill. Portfolios Because progress tests and proficiency tests are both need to assess students at the certain time, students only get one-off chance to reveal their real level of knowledge. It is unfair to some students who are not good at exams innately. As a result, portfolio assessment appeared, unlike traditional measures which tend to evaluate students possession of knowledge at the certain time, portfolio assessment can allow students to show their best pieces of work over the period of time. There are some obvious benefits of portfolio assessment; firstly, it makes students more independent and self-governing. Whats more ¼Ã… ¸Students have a chance to modify their work before submitting, it will have a positive wash back effect on assessment. (Harmer, 2007) However, the pitfalls still exist in portfolio assessment. Using portfolio assessment can be time-consuming; teacher need more time to give the marks. The reliability of portfolio assessment need to be consider, because students complete this kind of assessment out of classroom, it is difficult to confirm that the students finish their assessment by themselves, nobody helps them. (Harmer, 2007) 2.3 The relationship between assessment and pedagogy Before we discuss the relationship between assessment and teaching approach, we need to clear the concept of these approaches: Their definitions, features and so on. The Presentation, Practice and Production (PPP) PPP refer to presentation, practice and production. At the presentation stage, the teacher introduces new vocabulary and grammatical structures. At the practice stage, the lesson moves from controlled to guided practice. At the production stage, teacher will encourage students to present what they have learned and perform some communicative activity. In this stage, the heart of the matter is on meaning ¼Ã‹â€ fluency ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °rather than forms (accuracy). (Harmer, 2007) Some of the advantages of the PPP model are that first it is clear and easy to conduct by the teacher. Secondly, it is easy to evaluate, as there are often clear goals to be obtained. Thirdly, there is the belief that learning with focus on forms will become one kind of habit (Skehan, 1996). Nevertheless, with the development of theories in TESOL, some language teachers keep it in their mind that the PPP model is not valid. It is not enough for the teacher to simply help practise the structure. The teacher should also try to create meaningful teaching materials for student to use the structures learned in real communication (Wang, 2006).. Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT) Task-based Language Teaching is widely promoted in English language teaching nowadays. Many teachers are asking what is Task-based Language Teaching? How is TBLT different from communicative language teaching? Task-based Language Teaching is, in fact, a further development of CLT (Walsh, 2011). Thornbury (2006) suggests that TBLT has emerged from the strong form of CLT. It shares the same beliefs, as language should be learned as close as possible to how it is used in real life. However, it has stressed the importance to combine form-focused teaching with communication-focused teaching. When students are carrying out a task, they are focusing on the complete act of communication. Sometimes, however, we may wish to focus their attention on individual aspects of language, such as vocabulary, grammar or individual skills. We can call these activity exercises. Another kind of activity, which is very common in CLT, comes halfway between tasks and exercises. This kind of activity consists of contextualised practice of language items (often a particular grammar point). For instance, it could be an activity that helps the students to master the present continuous tense by getting them to describe what is happening in a picture. This kind of activity can be called an exercised-task. (Littlewood, 1993) Differences between PPP and TBLT Willis (1996) provided two perspectives to identify the difference between PPP and TBLT. The way learners express language in TBLT is completely different from PPP (Willis, 1996). In TBLT, all 3 components (task, planning and report) are free of language control, students have to rely on their own language resources. The purpose of TBLT is using language for real communication. In PPP model, learners adjust their language at the practice stage. Nevertheless, in TBLT, we adjust our language at the report stagethe last one. The planning stage encourages students to consider appropriateness and accuracy of the language form in general, rather than the production of a single form. The report allows learner to exchange their idea and information freely, but in PPP model, learners do not have any freedom to a certain extent. TBLT can provide a context for grammar teaching and form-focused activities. PPP is different in this aspect (Willis, 1996). In PPP model, with the presentation of the target language coming first, this context has to be invented. However, in TBLT, the context is already established by the task itself. When students finished the task, the language is already familiar. The activities in TBLT encourages learners to use the target language to analyse and think, not just simply to repeat. A PPP model leads from accuracy to fluency; a TBLT cycle leads from fluency to accuracy (combined with fluency). Overall, PPP offers a simplified approach to language learning. It is based upon the idea that you can present language in a clear way. Moreover, your language develops by adding new forms from one lesson to the next. However, simply being able to produce forms in isolation will not help learners acquire the language for communication. Research proves that if there are plenty of opportunities with students to practise language in meaningful context, which will be the best way for students to acquire language effectively. (Frost, 2004) 2.3.4 Introduction of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) Although people have different understanding of communicative language teaching, the following three principles suggested by Richards and Rodgers (2001): Communication principle: the core of CLT activities are real communication, which will promote language learning. Task principle: the language used in activities is for carrying out the tasks, which will promote learning. Meaningfulness principle: language that is meaningful to the learner supports the learning process. It is important to note that CLT requires a higher level of communicative competence on the part of the teacher. It also requires that teacher develops a wider range of skills beyond the presentation and explanation of grammatical structures (Hedge, 2000). In a communicative classroom, a great deal of time is spent on managing learning, setting up activities, organizing resources, guiding students in pair/group work. Howatt (1984) proposes a weak and a strong version of CLT. With the weak version, learners first acquire language as a structural system and then learn how to use it in communication. The strong version of CLT claims that language is acquired through communication (Howatt, 1984:279). This means that learners discover the structural system in the process of learning how to communicate. In other words, the weak version regards overt teaching of language forms and functions as necessary means for helping learners to develop the ability to use them for communication, whereas the strong version regards experiences of using the language as the main means or necessary condition for learning a language as they provide the experience for learners to see how language is used in communication. Savignon (2004) maintains that CLT in its strong form cannot be adhered to via a single textbook, implicitly suggesting that ELT materials that are termed communicative must be adhering to the weaker form. 3. Methodology 3.1 Research question The topic research question: What are English teacher own beliefs about the effects of assessment on teaching English experience? Finding the balance between formative assessment and summative assessment. Then try to find the relationship between assessment and pedagogy. I intend to centre on teachers viewpoints on English language assessment. From teachers aspect, the questions will draw attention to the close relationship between assessment and pedagogy. What type of assessment is beneficial to teaching? That is to say, what kind of assessment is good for learning English? When assessment is solely dependent on test results, teachers tend to begin teaching to the test (washback effect). Teaching has become test practice. They try to find out what will be tested and how it will be tested. Is it good for learning English? 3.2 Interview Question Design In the beginning, my interview questions are very generalization, and contain some specialized vocabulary. I used to have an interview experience, so I know if the questions are too hard to answer, will be putting pressure on interviewees. Therefore, I try to make my question simplification and concretization, in order to reduce the pressure on interviewees. Interview questions of teachers 1. According to your teaching experience of students, summative and formative assessment, which kind of assessment do you think is good for language teaching and learning? Why? 2. Could you explain the advantage and disadvantage of each assessment respectively? 3. When you assess your students language learning, how many factors do you consider? What are they? 4. Do you consider the motivation of your students? 5. Besides testing, what are the other methods that can be used to gather information about the knowledge and performance of language learners? Please give examples if possible. 6. What are the usual formats of the tests that you have taken in your experiences of English teaching? 7. Is there any particular format that you like or dislike? Give your reasons. 8. Do you think examinations could reflect student learning better than the other type of assessment? If yes, give a reason. If no, please take one instance. 3.3 Methods the Rationales Since the total conception of the research was based on investigating English language teachers and Chinese learners own beliefs about the effects of assessment on learning English experience, go without saying, the research methods used should be satisfied this determination. Qualitative approach is above all else a person-centred enterprise and therefore particularly appropriate to our work in the field of language teaching (Richards, 2003:9), so it deserves to be depended on in my research. A number of different interview types can be employed to gather data for qualitative research. Interviews are often associated with survey-based research, as well as being a technique used by many qualitative researchers. In structured interviews, researchers usually ask an identical set of questions of all respondents. Less rigid are semi-structured interview, in which the researcher used a written list of questions as a guide, while still having the freedom to digress and explore more information. On the other hand, in unstructured interview, no list of questions is used. Instead, interviewers develop and adapt their own questions, helping respondents to open up and express themselves in their own terms and at their own speed. (Mackey and Gass, 2005) Mackey and Gass (2005) stated that interviews could allow researchers to investigate phenomena that are not directly observable, such as learners self-reported perceptions or attitudes. In addition, because interviews are interactive, researchers can elicit additional data if initial answers are vague, digression, incomplete, or not specific enough. Another advantage of interview is that they can be used to elicit data from learners who are not comfortable in other modes. Take one instance, some learners are more at ease speaking than writing and more likely to provide extended answers in a conversational format. Depending on the research question and the resources available, interviews can also be conducted in the learners mother tongue (L1), thus removing concerns about the proficiency of the learner affecting the quality and quantity of the data provided. According to the two groups of interviewee, I apply in different interview type. For students group, I prefer using semi-structured interview. For teachers group, the narrative interview may be the best policy. Actually, the narrative interview is one kind of unstructured interview. Flick (2002) defines that the narrative interview is different from the traditional way of interview, which will help the researchers free themselves from the question-answer pattern and approach the personal experience of interviewees. The interviewees are encouraged to tell their own stories of the assessment on learning English experience. 3.4 Research Procedure I explained to my interviewee in the beginning about the whole process, the orientation of the questions, and the time needed approximately. During the process of our interview, the interviewees could speak both English and Chinese. Because I had no experience about how to conduct an interview, and did not do the Pilot Study that is a simulated interview before the real interview. Therefore, when I interview my first participant -Wing, sometime she confused by the question which sounded profound. Wing was my best friend in China and she was very nice and patient. If she did not understand what I mean, she will discuss with me about this question. Then I revised my questions with her help. She proposed some suggestion for my interview. I also discuss with her about my question for students. During the process of interview, I encourage interviewees to talk about some of their own experiences. Moreover, do not mind if they use Chinese to explain the questions more clearly. Finally, after we went through all the questions, the interview was going smoothly. 3.5 Ethical Concerns There are some important ethical concerns, which have been considered throughout the entire study. At first, consent both in written (see Appendix) and verbal form was given to each potential participant previously, so that they could have enough time to decide whether to join this research. Because my research method is interview, my participants are not anonymous to me. Therefore, protecting their privacy and holding in confidence what they share with me must be the best policy. I will fully inform all of participants about my research purpose, and make sure they totally understand what their agreement to participate entail. Furthermore, participates can withdraw from my research at any time. 4. Result Teacher A : Wing What is Wings belief about the effects of assessment on learning English experience? Wing thinks that English assessment, especially test is absolutely very important. Because she worked in a Cram school, has lots of pressure from the administrate of the school and her students parents. What is assessment? Wing regards the language assessment as a tool to keep a check on her learners, through a language assessment, she can find out strengths and weakness of her students and herself. Actually, in most of cases, Wing thinks that assessment is to do with testing. Do you think examinations could reflect student learning better than the other type of assessment? If yes, give a reason. If no, please take one instance. Wing believes that examinations cannot be said to be the best means of assessment, but the test is really the most effective way to measure students language learning effect. Besides testing, what are the other methods that can be used to gather information about the knowledge and performance of language learners? That is to say, what are the other methods that you prefer using to assess your student? You have some choices: teachers observation, interview, journals/ reflective logs/diaries, oral presentations, portfolios. Wing recalls the day when she was a student, both her English and Chinese language teachers recommended diary writing as an effective means of improving language proficiency. Therefore, when she started as a teacher, she began to try to use this method to assess her students. Actually, diary writing is the better way to assess student grammar and vocabulary. Towards grammar, she could identify common error in the use of article, tenses and preposition. Common errors in the spelling of particular word were also easily spotted. Towards vocabulary, diary writing can be very good to help students understand some words of their special usage. For example, lots of students always confuse the usage of the words hope and wish, because in China, there is a word can express both these two words. In students diaries, many students often want to express a strong desire or hope for something, but they always confound these two words. Wing mentions that some students translate their meaning from Chinese to English directly, they do not think in English way. After a period, Wing finds that dairies writing have some shortcoming. For example, sometimes teacher is hard to control what student write. Sometimes what students write are not teacher want to assess. Sometimes Wing finds that it is quite difficult to comments or analyses her students diaries, because diaries is their own experience. Therefore, Wing changes her assessment method in the other way. She ask all of her student to read a series of books BOOK WORMS which was published by Oxford University Press. This series of books are the simplification of many world famous works. Every time she will layout a book requires students to read at home, and then write impression of the book. she wants to find out the difficulties her students had with a summary assignment they had been given, so she requested that her students write in their diary, talk about the difficulties they had when they did the assignment. However, Wing also finds out that if she too frequently requires students to do like that, by the time the students have lost all their motivation for writing diary. According to your teaching experience of students, summative and formative assessment, which kind of assessment do you think is good for language teaching and learning? Why? Because Wing works in a Cram school, each student in this school has a goalthat is to pass the exam. This invisible to students a great deal of pressure, will definitely affect their learning effect. She believes that formative assessment is good for language teaching and learning. Consider the other methods (you mentioned at question 3) that you prefer using to assess your student again, which is your purpose of this assessment method? Formative or summative? Formative assessment. Wing think that it could be for summative assessment, but she think there is intense pressure on her students from exam, she does not want to put more pressure on her students. Therefore, she always assess her students by formative purpose. In your classroom, what teaching methods do you usually use? Grammar translation approach or you can say that is PPP (Presentation, Practice and Production) module. When you assess your students language learning, how many factors do you consider? You have some choice: linguistic (Grammar and Vocabulary), interest, culture background, motivation, teaching approach, to foster learning ability. Wing states that she will consider grammar and vocabulary at the first place, because all of her teaching and assessment are examination-oriented. Do you think that your main teaching approach will influence you to assess your students? Wing says that it is difficult to answer this question. She want to say yes, because her teaching goal is examination-oriented, she use grammar-translation approach, therefore, she is unable to control herself to consider linguistic (Grammar and Vocabulary) when she assess her students. Teacher B: Linda What is Lindas belief about the effects of assessment on learning English experience? Linda works in a private high school, she has approximately 2 years teaching experience. What is assessment? Linda always use language assessment in her classroom, she regards language assessment as a way of keeping a check on the student learning. She always carry out an assessment with recording-keeping, to discover learners achievements. Do you think examinations could reflect student learning better than the other type of assessment? If yes, give a reason. If no, please take one instance. Linda thinks that examination is not the only way that could reflect student learning. She cannot decide which one is better. Besides testing, what are the other methods that can be used to gather information about the knowledge and performance of language learners? That is to say, what are the other methods that you prefer using to assess your student? You have some choices: teachers observation, interview, journals/ reflective logs/diaries, oral presentations, portfolios. Linda indicated that she always use interview and oral presentation to assess her students. Compared to other skills, Linda pays more attention to speaking skill during she assess her student. She suggests dividing her process of assessment into two parts: If it is the first time she meets a student, she prefers to interview s/he face to face. Regard to her all class, Linda think oral presentation is not only benefit for students learning, but also good for team cooperation spirit. According to your teaching experience of students, summative and formative assessment, which kind of assessment do you think is good for language teaching and learning? Why? Formative assessment. In the process of learning, keep abreast of student mastery of knowledge, correct errors in a timely manner, to amend his mistakes early is better than the final. Consider the other methods (you mentioned at question 3) that you prefer using to assess your student again, which is your purpose of this assessment method? Formative or summative? For interview, Linda think formative assessment will be her purpose, because it focus on what are the next steps in learning. For oral presentation, summative assessment will be h